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- FOOD, Page 109Bread Goes Upper Crust
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- Across the U.S., gourmet loaves are on the rise
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- By JANICE M. HOROWITZ -- With reporting by Judy Hevrdejs/Chicago
- and Elizabeth L'Hommedieu/San Francisco
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- Gone are the days when buying your daily bread simply meant
- tossing a cotton-soft white loaf into a grocery cart. More and
- more shoppers these days are trekking to local bakeries and
- specialty shops -- often braving long lines and empty bins --
- in search of gourmet loaves of all sizes and shapes: rosemary,
- garlic and poppy wands with a crackling-hard crust; dense bricks
- dotted with specks of flax, sunflower and sesame seeds; onion
- sourdough baguettes; and mammoth 4-lb. pumpkin-like affairs made
- from live, wild cultures. "Bread is being rescued from
- oblivion," says Michael London, owner of Rock Hill Bakehouse in
- Greenwich, N.Y. "It's as if it had been locked up in a closet
- somewhere for years."
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- While the demand for exotic loaves is increasing, standard
- white bread has seen its share of total consumption drop from
- more than 80% in 1972 to around 55% today. Large commercial
- producers, like Continental Baking Co. (makers of Wonder bread),
- Campbell Taggart and Flowers Industries, turn out dozens of
- "variety" blends, rife with cracked wheat, whole grain and oat
- bran. Many supermarkets even sell fresh-out-of-the-oven loaves
- from their own in-house bakeries. (Shoppers may not realize that
- many of these hot breads are prepared from frozen or
- pre-packaged mixes.) But it is the small, local bakeshops that
- have enjoyed the most surprising increase in popularity, places
- like Berkeley's Acme Bread Co., Chicago's Bread Shop, Seattle's
- Grand Central Baking Co. and Pierre Country Bakery in Salt Lake
- City.
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- The rising popularity of these dense, honest loaves has its
- roots in the health movement of the 1960s, when small bakers
- began packaging grainy loaves as an alternative to artificially
- enriched white bread. Back then, however, the selections tended
- to be dry, crumbly, even sweet, since honey was a popular
- additive. Today the taste and texture have vastly improved, and
- specialty breads remain a valuable source of complex
- carbohydrates and fiber, free of preservatives and chemical
- additives. "People have discovered that from real bread you get
- more nutrients for the fewest calories, for the fewest dollars,"
- says Paul Stitt, president of Natural Ovens of Manitowoc in
- Wisconsin. Some of today's producers make health benefits a key
- selling point. Schripps in New Jersey, for example, exuberantly
- describes its Slice of Life loaf as containing "16% roughage,
- which regularizes the digestive system, preventing or relieving
- constipation."
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- Food mavens see the upper-crust movement as part of a
- growing American interest in fine cuisine. "About 15 years ago,
- a food revolution began in this country, starting with the main
- course," says Eli Zabar, whose New York City gourmet shop,
- E.A.T., makes 4,000 chewy sourdough baguettes daily. "Then it
- moved to the appetizer, then dessert. We have finally gotten
- around to bread. It's happening everywhere." Jerome Kliejunas,
- owner of Chicago's Jerome's cafe, agrees. "In the past," he
- says, "bread was seen as an accompaniment to other foods and in
- the background. Now it is standing on its own."
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- Many gourmet loaves are made from old French, Italian and
- German recipes. Some are prepared with special starters: live
- cultures handed down from one generation to the next, lending
- a distinctive flavor to the dough. Unlike many commercial
- varieties, these loaves are the product of a laborious, often
- round-the-clock regimen, performed in fiery hot bakeshops. In
- a typical routine, first the dough is mixed and allowed to rise,
- then cut into pieces, allowed to rise again, molded into final
- form, "proofed" in one last rising, baked and cooled.
- (Commercial breads may sit through only one or two short
- risings.) Baking is also subject to a host of vagaries. A humid
- day, for example, can wreck the crust on a sourdough.
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- A new and younger breed of breadmaker is bringing an almost
- fanatical dedication to baking. Many of these bakers are
- importing special stone-lined ovens, which cost up to $80,000,
- from France. Helmut Goetting, who holds a Ph.D. in geology, and
- Paul Fitzpatrick, a chemist, built a wood-burning stove and
- hired a German Backermeister for their Wood-Fire Bakery in
- Mountain View, Calif.
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- Some aficionados are concerned that the search for exotic
- breads may be getting out of hand. Says Bernard Clayton, author
- of The New Complete Book of Breads: "Thank goodness there are
- good breads today, but there are some things out there that are
- horrifying." An understandable sentiment, given the emergence
- of such bizarre products as seaweed bread, cottage-cheese dill
- loaves and a cherry-chocolate concoction that sells for a
- thumping $10 a loaf.
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